References (click to expand)
ALONSO-MIGUEL, D., GARCÍA-SAN JOSÉ, P., GONZÁLEZ SANZ, S., CLARÉS MORAL, I. & PÉREZ-ALENZA, M. D. 2021. Evaluation of palliative therapy, alone or in combination with toceranib phosphate, in dogs diagnosed with metastatic or recurrent beta-cell neoplasia. N Z Vet J, 69, 234-239.
BUISHAND, F. O. 2022. Current Trends in Diagnosis, Treatment and Prognosis of Canine Insulinoma. Vet Sci, 9.
BUISHAND, F. O., KIK, M. & KIRPENSTEIJN, J. 2010. Evaluation of clinico-pathological criteria and the Ki67 index as prognostic indicators in canine insulinoma. Vet J, 185, 62-7.
CAYWOOD, D., KLAUSNER, J., O'LEARY, T., WITHROW, S., RICHARDSON, R., HARVEY, H., NORRIS, A., HENDERSON, R. & JOHNSTON, S. 1988. Pancreatic insulin-secreting neoplasms: clinical, diagnostic, and prognostic features in 73 dogs. Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association, 24, 577–584.
DATTE, K., GUILLAUMIN, J., BARRETT, S., MONNIG, A. & COOPER, E. 2016. Retrospective evaluation of the use of glucagon infusion as adjunctive therapy for hypoglycemia in dogs: 9 cases (2005-2014). J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio), 26, 775-781.
DEL BUSTO, I., GERMAN, A. J., TREGGIARI, E., ROMANELLI, G., O'CONNELL, E. M., BATCHELOR, D. J., SILVESTRINI, P. & MURTAGH, K. 2020. Incidence of postoperative complications and outcome of 48 dogs undergoing surgical management of insulinoma. J Vet Intern Med, 34, 1135-1143.
FLESNER, B. K., FLETCHER, J. M., SMITHEE, T. & BOUDREAUX, B. 2019. Long-Term Survival and Glycemic Control with Toceranib Phosphate and Prednisone for a Metastatic Canine Insulinoma. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc, 55, e55105.
GOUTAL, C. M., BRUGMANN, B. L. & RYAN, K. A. 2012. Insulinoma in dogs: a review. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc, 48, 151-63.
HAWKINS, K. L., SUMMERS, B. A., KUHAJDA, F. P. & SMITH, C. A. 1987. Immunocytochemistry of normal pancreatic islets and spontaneous islet cell tumors in dogs. Vet Pathol, 24, 170-9.
HIXON, L. P., GRIMES, J. A., WALLACE, M. L. & SCHMIEDT, C. W. 2019. Risk factors for gastrointestinal upset and evaluation of outcome following surgical resection of canine pancreatic β-cell tumors. Can Vet J, 60, 1312-1318.
ISERI, T., YAMADA, K., CHIJIWA, K., NISHIMURA, R., MATSUNAGA, S., FUJIWARA, R. & SASAKI, N. 2007. Dynamic computed tomography of the pancreas in normal dogs and in a dog with pancreatic insulinoma. Vet Radiol Ultrasound, 48, 328-31.
KRAAI, K., O'NEILL, D. G., DAVISON, L. J., BRODBELT, D. C., GALAC, S. & BUISHAND, F. O. 2025. Incidence and risk factors for insulinoma diagnosed in dogs under primary veterinary care in the UK. Sci Rep, 15, 2463.
LAMB, C. R., SIMPSON, K. W., BOSWOOD, A. & MATTHEWMAN, L. A. 1995. Ultrasonography of pancreatic neoplasia in the dog: a retrospective review of 16 cases. Vet Rec, 137, 65-8.
LEIFER, C. E., PETERSON, M. E. & MATUS, R. E. 1986. Insulin-secreting tumor: diagnosis and medical and surgical management in 55 dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc, 188, 60-4.
MEHLHAFF, C. J., PETERSON, M. E., PATNAIK, A. K. & CARRILLO, J. M. 1985. Insulin-producing islet cell neoplasms: Surgical considerations and general management in 35 dogs. J. Am. Anim. Hosp. Assoc., 21, 607–612.
MELLANBY, R. J. & HERRTAGE, M. E. 2002. Insulinoma in a normoglycaemic dog with low serum fructosamine. J Small Anim Pract, 43, 506-8.
MEYER, D. J. 1976. Pancreatic islet cell carcinoma in a dog treated with streptozotocin. Am J Vet Res, 37, 1221-3.
MINKUS, G., JÜTTING, U., AUBELE, M., RODENACKER, K., GAIS, P., BREUER, W. & HERMANNS, W. 1997. Canine neuroendocrine tumors of the pancreas: a study using image analysis techniques for the discrimination of metastatic versus nonmetastatic tumors. Vet Pathol, 34, 138-45.
MOORE, A. S., NELSON, R. W., HENRY, C. J., RASSNICK, K. M., KRISTAL, O., OGILVIE, G. K. & KINTZER, P. 2002. Streptozocin for treatment of pancreatic islet cell tumors in dogs: 17 cases (1989-1999). J Am Vet Med Assoc, 221, 811-8.
NELSON, R. W. 2015. Beta-cell neoplasia: insulinoma. Canine and Feline Endocrinology. 4th ed. St. Louis, MO: Elsevier.
NORTHRUP, N. C., RASSNICK, K. M., GIEGER, T. L., KOSAREK, C. E., MCFADDEN, C. W. & ROSENBERG, M. P. 2013. Prospective evaluation of biweekly streptozotocin in 19 dogs with insulinoma. J Vet Intern Med, 27, 483-90.
O'BRIEN, T. D., HAYDEN, D. W., O'LEARY, T. P., CAYWOOD, D. D. & JOHNSON, K. H. 1987. Canine pancreatic endocrine tumors: immunohistochemical analysis of hormone content and amyloid. Vet Pathol, 24, 308-14.
OWEN, L. N. 1980. T.N.M. Classification of Tumours in Domestic Animals, Geneva, Switzerland, World Health Organization.
POLTON, G. A., WHITE, R. N., BREARLEY, M. J. & EASTWOOD, J. M. 2007. Improved survival in a retrospective cohort of 28 dogs with insulinoma. J Small Anim Pract, 48, 151-6.
ROBBEN, J. H., POLLAK, Y. W., KIRPENSTEIJN, J., BOROFFKA, S. A., VAN DEN INGH, T. S., TESKE, E. & VOORHOUT, G. 2005. Comparison of ultrasonography, computed tomography, and single-photon emission computed tomography for the detection and localization of canine insulinoma. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 19, 15–22.
ROBBEN, J. H., VAN DEN BROM, W. E., MOL, J. A., VAN HAEFTEN, T. W. & RIJNBERK, A. 2006. Effect of octreotide on plasma concentrations of glucose, insulin, glucagon, growth hormone, and cortisol in healthy dogs and dogs with insulinoma. Res Vet Sci, 80, 25-32.
SCHOEMAN, J. 2017. Insulin-secreting tumors. In: ETTINGER SJ, F. E. (ed.) Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine. 8th ed. St. Louis: Elsevier.
SHAHAR, R., ROUSSEAUX, C. & STEISS, J. 1985. Peripheral polyneuropathy in a dog with functional islet B-cell tumor and widespread metastasis. J Am Vet Med Assoc, 187, 175-7.
SHEPPARD-OLIVARES, S., BELLO, N. M., JOHANNES, C. M., HOCKER, S. E., BILLER, B., HUSBANDS, B., SNYDER, E., MCMILLAN, M., MCKEE, T. & WOUDA, R. M. 2022. Toceranib phosphate in the management of canine insulinoma: A retrospective multicentre study of 30 cases (2009-2019). Vet Rec Open, 9, e27.
SHIMADA, A., MORITA, T., IKEDA, N., TORII, S. & HARUNA, A. 2000. Hypoglycaemic brain lesions in a dog with insulinoma. J Comp Pathol, 122, 67-71.
SILIART, B. & STAMBOULI, F. 1996. Laboratory diagnosis of insulinoma in the dog: a retrospective study and a new diagnostic procedure. J Small Anim Pract, 37, 367-70.
SMITH, S. A. & HARKIN, K. R. 2000. Glucagon constant-rate infusion: a novel strategy for the management of hyperinsulinemic-hypoglycemic crisis in the dog. Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association, 36, 27–32.
SUNDIN, A., GARSKE, U. & ORLEFORS, H. 2007. Nuclear imaging of neuroendocrine tumours. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab, 21, 69-85.
THORESEN, S. I., ALEKSANDERSEN, M., LØNAAS, L., BREDAL, W. P., GRØNDALEN, J. & BERTHELSEN, K. 1995. Pancreatic insulin-secreting carcinoma in a dog: fructosamine for determining persistent hypoglycaemia. J Small Anim Pract, 36, 282-6.
TOBIN, R. L., NELSON, R. W., LUCROY, M. D., WOOLDRIDGE, J. D. & FELDMAN, E. C. 1999. Outcome of surgical versus medical treatment of dogs with beta cell neoplasia: 39 cases (1990-1997). J Am Vet Med Assoc, 215, 226-30.
TRIFONIDOU, M. A., KIRPENSTEIJN, J. & ROBBEN, J. H. 1998. A retrospective evaluation of 51 dogs with insulinoma. Vet Q, 20 Suppl 1, S114-5.
WOUTERS, E. G., BUISHAND, F. O., KIK, M. & KIRPENSTEIJN, J. 2011. Use of a bipolar vessel-sealing device in resection of canine insulinoma. J Small Anim Pract, 52, 139-45
After graduating from the University of Nottingham in 2016, Jo moved into small animal practice in the midlands, where she grew a passion for client communication and the subjects that most need it - like geriatrics and dermatology. Since 2020 she has worked as a locum vet in the Channel Islands as well as as a content writer in pet health topics.
